Understanding Peanut Allergy
Peanut allergy is a significant health concern, particularly in the UK, affecting approximately 2% of children. This article provides an overview of common symptoms, causes, hidden sources of peanuts, precautions, diagnosis, severity, treatment options, and risk factors.
Common Symptoms
An allergic reaction to peanuts typically occurs within minutes of exposure and can manifest as:
- Skin reactions: Hives, redness, or swelling.
- Itching or tingling: Particularly in or around the mouth and throat.
- Digestive issues: Diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, or vomiting.
- Respiratory problems: Tightening of the throat, shortness of breath, or wheezing.
- Anaphylaxis: A severe, potentially life-threatening reaction characterized by difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and loss of consciousness (NHS).
Causes
Peanut allergy occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as harmful, triggering an allergic response. Factors contributing to the development of peanut allergies include:
- Genetics: A family history of allergies increases the risk.
- Other allergies: Individuals with other food allergies or atopic conditions like eczema are more susceptible.
Hidden Sources of Peanuts
Peanuts can be present in unexpected foods and products, including:
- Baked goods: Cakes, pastries, and biscuits may contain peanuts or peanut oil.
- Sauces and dressings: Some Asian cuisines use peanut-based ingredients.
- Confectionery: Chocolates and sweets might have peanut components.
- Processed foods: Cereals, granola bars, and snack foods can contain peanuts.
- Non-food items: Certain shampoos, skin creams, and other toiletries may include peanut oil or extract, labeled as Arachis hypogaea or Arachis oil.
Precautions
To manage a peanut allergy effectively:
- Read labels meticulously: Always check ingredient lists for peanuts or peanut-derived products.
- Inquire when dining out: Ask about peanut ingredients and potential cross-contamination.
- Avoid cross-contact: Be cautious with shared utensils and surfaces.
- Carry emergency medication: Keep prescribed antihistamines and, if necessary, an adrenaline auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen) accessible at all times.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing a peanut allergy involves:
- Medical history review: Discussing symptoms and potential triggers with a healthcare professional.
- Allergy testing: Skin prick tests or blood tests to detect specific IgE antibodies to peanuts (Mayo Clinic).
Severity
Peanut allergies can range from mild to severe. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form and requires immediate medical attention.
Treatment
The primary treatment is strict avoidance of peanuts. In cases of accidental exposure:
- Mild reactions: Administer antihistamines to alleviate symptoms.
- Severe reactions (Anaphylaxis): Use an adrenaline auto-injector and seek emergency medical help immediately.
Recent developments include the approval of Palforzia, an oral immunotherapy for children aged 4 to 17 with a confirmed peanut allergy. This treatment aims to reduce the severity of allergic reactions by gradually increasing exposure to peanut protein under medical supervision.
Risk Factors
Individuals at higher risk of developing a peanut allergy include:
- Children with severe eczema: Particularly those with early-onset eczema.
- Existing food allergies: Especially to other nuts or legumes.
- Family history: A familial predisposition to allergies.
Conclusion
Peanut allergy is a serious condition that requires vigilance and proactive management. Understanding the symptoms, causes, hidden sources, and appropriate precautions can help individuals effectively navigate daily life and reduce the risk of severe allergic reactions.
Resources
Note: This article is intended for informational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.